Formal Designed and Informal Emergent Ontologies in Webs and Multi-User Virtual Environments (MUVEs)

Formal Designed and Informal Emergent Ontologies in Webs and Multi-User Virtual Environments (MUVEs)

Cliff Joslyn
Computer Research and Applications, Los Alamos National Laboratory
Principia Cybernetica
Symbiotic Intelligence Project


In all system-environment couplings, constraints on the variety of possible actions of each component, and on their interactions, are present. Whether the system or environment is natural or synthetic will help determine the nature of these constraints. For example, if either the system or the environment is real and physical, then the necessary physical limitations derived from natural law will be crucial. But when either the system or the environment is artificial, then the constraints present will be to some extent conventional and contingent on the choices made by designers or evolutionary processes.

In particular, the rules present in artificial envrionments such as DIS provide a form of "virtual physics" for any system operating in them [Rocha and Joslyn, 1998]. In virtual worlds whose historical legacies are derived from the rule-based production systems of classical artificial intelligence, these constraints are known as "ontologies" [Uschold and Gruninger, 1996]. The ontology of a virtual environment provides the background against which systems perceive symbols, make decisions, and in turn act back into those environments. In this way, these ontologies provide virtual environments, and allow the operation of virtual systems, which are semantically enriched or enabled, albeit in virtue of a (perhaps largely) artificial semantics.

The ontologies of DIS virtual environments such as a Web have traditionally been consciously imposed by designers (engineers and authors). We would also like to facilitate ontologies which can emerge in virtue of the interactions of human communities of users with whatever internal dynamics are allowed in the DIS.

The formal properties of the representational structures available in the DIS necessarily place severe constraints on the possible semantic structures which can be represented. Our assertion is that current hypertext systems as implemented in the HTTP/HTML protocols are entirely inadequate to allow the formation of emergent ontologies in DIS. We examine aspects of ontologies and the desirable properties of DIS to represent them. In particular, we introduce a number of potential developments:

References

Bollen J. & Heylighen F. (1996) "Algorithms for the self-organisation of distributed, multi-user networks. Possible application to the future World Wide Web", in: Cybernetics and Systems '96, R. Trappl (ed.), (Austrian Society for Cybernetics), p. 911-916

Rocha, Luis M and Joslyn, Cliff: (1998) "Simulations of Evolving Embodied Semiosis: Emergent Semantics in Artificial Environments", in: Proc. 1998 Conf. on Virtual Worlds in Simulation, ed. C. Landauer and K. Bellman, pp.~233-238, Society for Computer Simulation, San Diego

Uschold, Mike and Gruninger, Michael [1996] "Ontologies: Principles, Methods and Applications'', Knowledge Engineering Review, vol. 11:2, pp. 93-136